1. In hypothesis testing, it is important to state that one "cannot reject" the null hypothesis rather than state that the null hypothesis "can be accepted." Explain why this is the case.
 

b)    List the outcomes of the decision. What are the consequences of error? Which consequence is the more serious?
 

c.)   Are the appropriate hypotheses directional or non-directional? Explain your rationale.

d)  Establish the appropriate null and alternate hypotheses to guard against making the serious error .

3. Two research questions are presented below. For each question:

1. Establish the appropriate null and alternate hypotheses in text and symbols to answer the research question. Are the hypotheses directional or non-directional? Explain why.
    
2. If your test results indicate you should reject H₀, what will you conclude?
    
   Research 1: The total dissolved solids (TDS) in a local stream average 42 parts per million (ppm) over the course of a year. However, a recent sample shows that the mean TDS changed after portions of the watershed were logged. Is there a difference in the mean level of TDS in the stream before and after logging?
    
   Research 2: Residents have complained for many years about the poor air quality surrounding a local pulp mill. The city hires a consultant to sample the airborne particulate levels within 5 km of the mill and more than 5 km from the mill. Are particulate levels higher near the mill?